CREATORS
September 23, 2025
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian
honor that can be bestowed on an individual by the President of the United
States. The honor was established by former President John F. Kennedy in 1963.
The award has been given to 673 people, and collectively to
the crew of Apollo 13.
As the president demands his Attorney General Pam Bondi
prosecute his political foes, we would do well to remember a past recipient of
the Presidential Medal of Freedom — William D. Ruckelshaus.
Ruckelshaus was known for his work protecting the
environment, fighting pollution and serving as the first leader of the
Environmental Protection Agency, but tucked away in the White House statement
announcing his award, he was recognized for his courage to stand up to former
President Richard Nixon, who sought to circumvent the rule of law.
In 1972, five men hired by the committee to re-elect Nixon
broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate
Building in Washington, D.C.
About a year later, Archibald Cox was appointed to
investigate the matter.
Cox demanded that the White House turn over 10 hours of
secret Oval Office recordings, some of which could implicate the president in
covering up the break-in.
Later that year, Nixon, feeling the investigation closing in
on him, demanded the Department of Justice fire Cox for refusing to obey the
president's order to abandon his demand for the "White House tapes."
Attorney General Elliot Richardson resigned rather than
dismiss Cox. Nixon then turned to Ruckelshaus, his Deputy Attorney General, to
fire Cox. Ruckelshaus also chose to resign. The incident became known as the
"Saturday Night Massacre."
Robert Bork, the solicitor general, became acting attorney
general and fired Cox. Within minutes, the White House sent the FBI to seal the
offices of the Special Prosecutor, Attorney General and Deputy Attorney
General.
Under enormous public pressure, Nixon appointed a new
special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski. He eventually obtained the missing tapes and
Nixon resigned the following year.
Ruckelshaus is certainly not a household name, but he was a
true American hero. He told The New York Times years later, "I thought
what the president was doing was fundamentally wrong — I was convinced that Cox
had only been doing what he had the authority to do; what was really of concern
to the president and the White House was that he was too close. He hadn't
engaged in any extraordinary improprieties, quite the contrary."
Ruckelshaus took a principled stand and was willing to put
it all on the line for what he believed in — the rule of law. The conduct of
our current president reveals just how few American heroes we have today.
In his letter of resignation, reprinted at the time by The
New York Times, Ruckelshaus politely thanked Nixon for the opportunity to serve
and wished him well, but admonished that "my conscience will not permit me
to carry out your instructions to discharge Archibald Cox. My disagreement with
that action at this time is too fundamental to permit me to act
otherwise."
According to Reuters, the Department of Justice under Bondi
has launched criminal probes into Trump's perceived enemies, searching the home
of former national security adviser John Bolton, and using grand juries to
probe mortgage-fraud allegations against New York Attorney General Letitia
James, Democratic Senator Adam Schiff and Federal Reserve Board Governor Lisa
Cook. What will Pam Bondi do?
In 2018, Ruckelshaus wrote in the Washington Post, the
"Saturday Night Massacre" was not only the beginning of the end for
Nixon, "but it also accelerated the growing wave of political cynicism and
distrust in our government we are still living with today. One manifestation of
that legacy: a president who will never admit he uttered a falsehood and a
Congress too often pursuing only a partisan version of the truth."
Matthew T. Mangino is of counsel with Luxenberg, Garbett,
Kelly & George P.C. His book The Executioner's Toll, 2010 was released by
McFarland Publishing. You can reach him at www.mattmangino.com and follow him
on Twitter @MatthewTMangino.
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